Restoring and Protecting Wetlands: Strategy Report

Wetlands can store large amounts of carbon for thousands of years if left undisturbed. However, when drained or dried, they release carbon dioxide, contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions. Protecting wetlands helps prevent these emissions and supports ongoing carbon storage. Wetland restoration also aids in long-term climate change mitigation, but it's a more complex process. In particular, wetlands naturally emit nitrous oxide and methane, and during the early stages of restoration, the warming effects of these gases often outweigh the cooling effects of carbon storage. Over time, methane and nitrous oxide break down in the atmosphere, and their warming impact stabilizes. Because wetlands continue to absorb carbon dioxide, their cooling effects may eventually surpass the warming from methane and nitrous oxide emissions. However, restored wetlands may take decades or even centuries to fully reduce warming, even as they store carbon.

We have prioritized further research into other impact areas that we think have a higher scale, feasibility, and funding need than restoring and protecting wetlands. However, we think there could still possibly be highly impactful philanthropic opportunities within this impact area. In general, we are most optimistic about funding policy-based and research-centric approaches to conserving and restoring wetlands because we think they can achieve a higher scale in reducing emissions than funding direct efforts. We also think initiatives to protect and restore wetlands are probably more effective when they consider the root causes of wetland conversion, such as resource extraction or land development.

In general, we favor wetland conservation over restoration because of the former’s immediate and clear climate benefits of preventing carbon loss. In terms of wetland restoration, we think climate-focused donors may want to take a nuanced approach depending on their personal preferences. We think those who value long-term impact and co-benefits like biodiversity might be interested in organizations focused on restoring all wetlands. Donors who are concerned about climate impacts over the next hundred years may favor coastal wetland restoration because other types of restored wetlands may not yield climate benefits until much later.

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